Recent Posts

Friday 14 June 2013

Learn Embedded Linux: Lesson 1

Inroduction

What is an OS?

      Os is an interface between applications and Hardware(not b/w user and Hardware). If user want to run an application, user gives an command to OS for running that apllication by using SHELL.


     Now what is a shell? A shell is an interface between OS and User. Shell takes the commands from user and forward it OS. OS runs that commands on hardware. This shell is initially launched by OS at boot time. 
 
So clearly, OS listen to shell but not to user. So user never directly connect with OS. Different operating systems have different shells.
         eg: Window OS shell name is "explorer"(not internet explorer). That is reason some times our pc produces an error "explorer has stopped working". That means the shell is not responding, on that time we can't do anything 
But mainly shell is of 2 types.
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

2. Command line Interface (CLI).


GUI:

GUI is nothing but a shell which represents every thing graphically.  Example is Windows OS. In windows all options are in graphical mode. It is very easy to understand and no need to remember any commands. 

Windows OS defaultly launches the GUI shell. So from starting user gives the commands to OS from GUI shell.


CLI:

CLI is also one type of shell which connects to os by commands. Command promt(CMD) is the example in Windows OS. Here for every operation user have to give command. Windows doesn't support CLI fully. Here user hae to remember many commands. It's difficult to new users.

But Linux supports both GUI and as well as CLI shells. By using CLI shell we can use operating system more effectively, and also we can create our own OS(but you are excellent in CL).

Thursday 13 June 2013

Embedded Linux

Contents:

C & DS for Kernel Programming

  • Write standard, safer and stable C programs for Kernel/Embedded program
  • Understand compile and build process of C program
  • Debug C code using tolls like Gdb
  • Understand how C is represented in memory
  • Easy approach to understand complex C concepts
  • Data structures for Kernel/Embedded programming

Linux Application Programming

  • Linux OS concepts
  • Implementing system calls
  • learning application designing
  • Thread programming and Inter process Communication(IPC)
  • Network Programming

Linux Kernel Internals and Device Drivers

  • Write software for Kernel programming needs
  • Core concepts for writing Device drivers 
  • Device driers for Linux
  • Memory management concepts

Embedded Linux


  • Cross-compiler tool-chain
  • U-Boot
  • Embedded Drier stacks
  • Linux on to ARM target

Android System Software

  • Android Architecture
  • Android Kernel features
  • Getting used to some tools
  • Porting Android

Thursday 2 May 2013

English

                        

                   ENGLISH

    Games       Test your English       Online Dictionary       Slang Dictionary       
Here we are providing English Documents about grammar, vocabulary, conversations etc.........

Login ID & PSW: terrificeceb@gmail.com  to download below files


Dictionaries:


1. Download WordWeb Software (.exe size:19MB). Really helpful to know the english meanings.

Click on download. A new window will open. Again click on "Free Download (wait 20 sec)". If it ask the login ID and Password enter (without quotes): "terrificeceb@gmail.com" copy it past in id & psw textbox. 


3. English to Telugu Dictionary: (.pdf, size:1.47MB) you can search a english word to know the telugu meaning.
Click on download. A new window will open. Again click on "Free Download (wait 20 sec)". If it ask the login ID and Password enter (without quotes): "terrificeceb@gmail.com" copy it past in id & psw textbox.

4. Telugu to English Dictionary: (.pdf, size:15.9MB)To know the english unknown word of telugu word.
Click on download. A new window will open. Again click on "Free Download (wait 20 sec)". If it ask the login ID and Password enter (without quotes): "terrificeceb@gmail.com" copy it past in id & psw textbox. 


5. Oxford English Picture Dictionary: (.pdf, size:7.7MB)
Click on download. A new window will open. Again click on "Free Download (wait 20 sec)". If it ask the login ID and Password enter (without quotes): "terrificeceb@gmail.com" copy it past in id & psw textbox.

Grammar:



1. Oxford guide to english grammar (pdf, size: 6MB)

2. Oxford practice grammar with answer (pdf, size: 4.7MB)




6. English Grammar Rules (pdf, size: 4.6MB)

7. How english works, a grammar practice book with answers (pdf, size: 13.3MB)

8. English grammar book with laughter (pdf, size: 4.8MB)

9. American or British English - Word and grammar patterns (pdf, size: 3.2MB)

Vocabulary, Idioms & Phrasal verbs:




2. Speak english like an American Vocabulary and Idioms (.pdf, size: 1.4MB)

3. Advanced vocabulary and idioms (.pdf, size: 6.5MB)

4. Super mini English idioms dictionary (.pdf, 13.9MB)

5. English idioms in used advanced - Cambridge (.pdf, 10MB)

6. 101 American English Idioms (.pdf, 270Kb)

7. Practice Makes Perfect English Vocabulary (.pdf, size: 27.3MB)

8. WEBSTER Essential vocabulary (SAT & GRE) (.pdf, size: 5.1MB)

9. Book - English Advanced Vocabulary and Structure Practice (.pdf, size: 4.2MB)

10. Master TOEFL vocabulary (.pdf, size: 1.8MB)

11. The ultimate phrasal verbs (.pdf, size: 2.7MB)

12. Really learn 100 phrasal verbs (.pdf, size: 7.1MB)

13. Phrasal verbs and idioms (.pdf, size: 4.4MB)

14. English phrasal verbs in use (Advanced) (.pdf, size: 6.0MB)


Reading & Writing:



1. Oxford 2006 natural english elementary reading and writing skills resource book (.pdf, size: 4.9mb)

2. Natural english pre-intermediate - reading and writing skills (.pdf, size: 16.1Mb)

3. Tactics for TOEIC reading and writing tests (.pdf, size: 8MB)

4. English -Speed-Reading-Workbook (.pdf, size: 272Kb)

5. English Reading Book (.pdf, size: 20.6MB)

6. English Trough Reading (.pdf, size: 3.4MB)

7. Essay Writing for English Tests (.pdf, size: 6.9mb)

8. Letter Writing in English (.pdf, size: 9.8Mb)

9. Cambridge_English_Skills_Real_Writing (.pdf, size: 55.5mb)


Speaking & Listening:










Wednesday 1 May 2013

click me


                                        

                    Facebook Tricks


Boring with routine text chat. why don't we try in different way. Now you can chat with your friends with new smiles, styles, colors.............


Reverse typing:

Type the text in reverse manner (upside-down). for eg:
                                       

                                "¿¿¿noʎ ǝɹɐ ʍoɥ ıɥ"   instead of    "hi how are you???"

this trick also works for gmail chat.

Add Colors:

you can type in colors text. Enter the text and click on convert. A code will generate in below box. copy that code and paste that code in your chat box and press enter.

Get more Smileys:

you can send awesome smileys like thinking, call me, gangam style, teddy and many many more.
click on below links.


http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/facebook-smiley-faces-codes.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/new-facebook-smileyfaces.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/big-and-cool-smileys-for-facebook-chat.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/free-facebook-chat-smileys.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/smileys-speaking-their-mind.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/new-facebook-emoticons.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/new-codes-for-facebook-chat-icons.html
http://www.symbols-n-emoticons.com/p/facebook-emoticons-codes.html

                Know IP Address



Want to know your IP address. It's very simple. Just click here. Or you can type "ipconfig" in your command prompt (Windows Key + R >> cmd >> ipconfig)

We can also get others IP address.
You just received a mail in GMAIL. Now you want to know IP of that sender. Follow the below steps

1. Open that mail which you have to know the IP address.
2. On the left side top position of the mail you have "More" options beside the time. Click on "more" option.
3. There are many options like forward, reply, print.... Click on "Show Original"  from that drop down list.
4. An other window will open and in that window you can see the IP address of sender in first 10 lines.




Or you received a message in Facebook. Now also we can get the IP address of that message sender.

Step 1
Close all open windows and browsers before opening a browser and logging into your Facebook account. Close all other programs. If you can, clear your browser's history as well as its cache.
Step 2
Open the message you received from the user. With the message or chat window open, click "Start" and then type "cmd" into the "Search Programs and Files" field.
Step 3
Type "netstat -an" (without the quotation marks) into the Command Prompt. The IP address of the user will be listed in your Command Prompt window.


What is the use of knowing others IP:

By using the IP address we can find out the location of  that PC.

Log onto a free IP tracing website such as ipchecking.com, find-ip-address.org or hostip.info. Enter the IP address you found in the previous steps into the search bar on the website's home page. The IP address will be traced and the information will be displayed for you.


                    Laptop batteries


Top 15 Ways to Extend Your Laptop’s Battery Life Laptops tend to lose their charm quickly when you’re constantly looking for the nearest power outlet to charge up. How do you keep your battery going for as long as possible? Here are 15 easy ways to do so.

1. Defrag regularly - The faster your hard drive does its work - less demand you are going to put on the hard drive and your battery. Make your hard drive as efficient as possible by defragging it regularly. (but not while it’s on battery of course!) Mac OSX is better built to handle fragmentation so it may not be very applicable for Apple systems.

2. Dim your screen - Most laptops come with the ability to dim your laptop screen. Some even come with ways to modify CPU and cooling performance. Cut them down to the lowest level you can tolerate to squeeze out some extra battery juice.

3. Cut down on programs running in the background. Itunes, Desktop Search, etc. All these add to the CPU load and cut down battery life. Shut down everything that isn’t crucial when you’re on battery.

4. Cut down external devices - USB devices (including your mouse) & WiFi drain down your laptop battery. Remove or shut them down when not in use. It goes without saying that charging other devices (like your iPod) with your laptop when on battery is a surefire way of quickly wiping out the charge on your laptop battery.

5. Add more RAM - This will allow you to process more with the memory your laptop has, rather than relying on virtual memory. Virtual memory results in hard drive use, and is much less power efficient. Note that adding more RAM will consume more energy, so this is most applicable if you do need to run memory intensive programs which actually require heavy usage of virtual memory.

6. Run off a hard drive rather than CD/DVD - As power consuming as hard drives are, CD and DVD drives are worse. Even having one in the drive can be power consuming. They spin, taking power, even when they?re not actively being used. Wherever possible, try to run on virtual drives using programs like Alcohol 120% rather than optical ones.

7. Keep the battery contacts clean: Clean your battery’s metal contacts every couple of months with a cloth moistened with rubbing alcohol. This keeps the transfer of power from your battery more efficient.


8. Take care of your battery - Exercise the Battery. Do not leave a charged battery dormant for long periods of time. Once charged, you should at least use the battery at least once every two to three weeks. Also, do not let a Li-On battery completely discharge. (Discharging is only for older batteries with memory effects)

9. Hibernate not standby - Although placing a laptop in standby mode saves some power and you can instantly resume where you left off, it doesn’t save anywhere as much power as the hibernate function does. Hibernating a PC will actually save your PC’s state as it is, and completely shut itself down.

 10. Keep operating temperature down - Your laptop operates more efficiently when it’s cooler. Clean out your air vents with a cloth or keyboard cleaner, or refer to some extra tips by LapTopMag.com.

11. Set up and optimize your power options - Go to ‘Power Options’ in your windows control panel and set it up so that power usage is optimized (Select the ‘max battery’ for maximum effect).

12. Don’t multitask - Do one thing at a time when you’re on battery. Rather than working on a spreadsheet, letting your email client run in the background and listening to your latest set of MP3’s, set your mind to one thing only. If you don’t you’ll only drain out your batteries before anything gets completed! 1

13. Go easy on the PC demands - The more you demand from your PC. Passive activities like email and word processing consume much less power than gaming or playing a DVD. If you’ve got a single battery charge - pick your priorities wisely.

14. Get yourself a more efficient laptop - Laptops are getting more and more efficient in nature to the point where some manufacturers are talking about all day long batteries. Picking up a newer more efficient laptop to replace an aging one is usually a quick fix.

15. Prevent the Memory Effect - If you’re using a very old laptop, you’ll want to prevent the ‘memory effect’ - Keep the battery healthy by fully charging and then fully discharging it at least once every two to three weeks. Exceptions to the rule are Li-Ion batteries (which most laptops have) which do not suffer from the memory effect




Thursday 3 January 2013

1st JAN, 2013


Remaining Images will update soon.......